Satellite images are widely applied in humanitarian mapping which labels buildings, roads and so on for humanitarian aid and economic development. However, the labeling now is mostly done by volunteers. In a recently accepted study, we utilize deep learning to solve humanitarian mapping tasks of a mobile software named MapSwipe. The current deep learning techniques e.g., Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) can recognize ground objects from satellite images, but rely on numerous labels for training for each specific task. We solve this problem by fusing multiple freely accessible crowdsourced geographic data, and propose an active learning-based CNN training framework named MC-CNN to deal with the quality issues of the labels extracted from these data, including incompleteness (e.g., some kinds of object are not labeled) and heterogeneity (e.g., different spatial granularities). The method is evaluated with building mapping in South Malawi and road mapping in Guinea with level-18 satellite images provided by Bing Map and volunteered geographic information (VGI) from OpenStreetMap, MapSwipe and OsmAnd.
In comparison with previous VGI and deep learning work, the advantage of our study lies in (i) combining multiple VGI data with technical solutions to deal with the quality issues (i.e., incompleteness and heterogeneity), and (ii) empirically studying the deep learning method’s application in the humanitarian mapping software MapSwipe with a machine-volunteer collaboration mechanism.
The results based on multiple metrics including Precision, Recall, F1 Score and AUC show that MC-CNN can fuse the crowdsourced labels for higher prediction performance, and be successfully applied in MapSwipe for humanitarian mapping with 85% labor saved and an overall accuracy of 0.86 achieved. With the evaluation on real world data in Africa, we found that
(i) combining multiple VGI data significantly outperforms one single VGI data because of the increased sample diversity,
(ii) training of MC-CNN needs sample sets with large enough size,
(iii) MC-CNN can achieve robust learning for different different CNN architectures including LetNet, AlexNet and VggNet,
(iv) MC-CNN saves a large part of labor but keeps high overall accuracy when it is applied in MapSwipe with the machine-volunteer collaboration mechanism.
These findings will benefit the deep learning-based exploiting of VGI data for humanitarian mapping. This work has been conducted in the context of the ongoing DeepVGI project at HeiGIT. Stay tuned for future updates and new results!
Chen, J., Y. Zhou, A. Zipf and H. Fan (2018, accepted): Deep Learning from Multiple Crowds: A Case Study of Humanitarian Mapping. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (TGRS). accepted. vol/pp pending.
Related work:
Chen, J., Zipf, A. (2017): Deep Learning with Satellite Images and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). In: Karimi, H. A. and Karimi, B. (eds.): Geospatial Data Science Techniques and Applications. Chapter 3. pp. 63-78. crc press. Taylor & Francis.